qEEG NF

Quantitative EEG Neurofeedback for the Treatment of Pediatric Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorders, Learning Disorders, and Epilepsy

Quantitative electroencephalogram neurofeedback (qEEG NF) aims to improve brain functioning by targeting brain-wave correlates of functional deficits, based on the quantitative evaluation of the individual’s EEG rather than on traditional diagnostic categories or observable symptoms. qEEG NF for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, based on 12 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with medium effect sizes (d 5 0.57–0.72), is recommended with reservations, and only as an adjunctive intervention after families have tried or at least considered conventional treatments. For autism, in 4 small RCTs, NF showed improvements in sustained attention, sensory/cognitive awareness, communication, sociability, set shifting/flexibility skills, and some long-term maintenance of treatment gains. NF may be recommended, again with reservations. For learning disorders, with 2 flawed studies, results of NF treatment suggest improvements in global and performance IQ, spelling, attention/impulsivity, and repeal of learning disorder diagnosis. Treatment gains were maintained over a period of 2 years of follow-up, but limited data do not support treatment recommendations. Pediatric epilepsy has no controlled studies, and preliminary data are not promising, but it might be considered for uncontrolled seizures unresponsive to anticonvulsants. qEEG NF treatment seems sensible and safe, but not easy or inexpensive (30–40 half-hour treatments, 2–3 times weekly). NF should be conducted by a well-trained professional with expertise in brain function beyond simply an ability to operate equipment, to enhance safety and optimize effectiveness.